This covers challenges of reducing emissions from building construction, operation and maintenance while also presenting an array of potential solutions.
In the U.S., about 50% of total CO2 emissions stem from the built environment (e.g., building construction, operation [heating, lighting, cooling], and end-of-life) (EPA 2012).
The latest seismic events occurred in the world have shown the essential role of the new passive seismic techniques which aim to protect structures and the importance of supervising the building construction operations and the adopted improvement measures.
The economic effects of building, maintaining and operating settlements are attributed to building construction, building operation, public infrastructure construction and operation as well as external effects (primarily related to mobility).
First, the life-cycle carbon efficiency of a residential building is defined as the ratio of its life-cycle value to carbon emission, and the life-cycle of a residential building is divided into five stages, including construction materials preparation, building construction, building operation, building demolition, and construction & demolition wastes disposal.
These human-generated gases derive in part from aspects of the built environment such as transportation systems and infrastructure, building construction and operation, and land-use planning.
It reports how different roofing (i.e. roof and ceiling) and floor designs affect the life cycle environmental impacts and cost (LCEI & LCC) over the various life stages of buildings (i.e. construction, operation, maintenance and final disposal).
Results will also provide a breakdown for economic effects of different aspects such as construction, operation of buildings, municipal services and external effects (in particular mobility) on the categories defined above (see Figure 6).
The process of building construction is chronologically located between both the design and the operation phases.
Further, the life cycle stages of buildings were classified into the production, construction, operation, and end-of-life stages, and a CO2 emissions evaluation method and database were established to implement the evaluation model.
