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Underpaid civil servants will occasionally take bribes; political kingpins like Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall will build patronage empires, meanwhile feathering their nests until such time as ambitious do-gooders arouse the outrage of the sleeping populace.
Hamid Karzai has essentially used the medieval system of fealty, suggests one American diplomat who agreed to speak on condition of anonymity, to build patronage, so it is not in his interest to change the situation, as his recent cabinet appointments attest with the worst offenders remaining close to him.
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He built patronage networks, enmeshing politics and business to augment his influence.
He had built patronage networks inside the party, not always an aboveboard process — indeed, Zuma currently faces nearly eight hundred outstanding corruption charges from before he became President, in 2009.
There was nothing insurgent about them, they built patronage machines and factional networks that lasted for decades, maneuvered at national conventions and negotiated with presidents, and governed, none of which Trump has ever done.
Two of the brothers, Ghazi and Samir, have joined Mr. Chalabi's political operation and are among a cadre of foot soldiers instructed to build a patronage system for the Democratic Conference.
It seems likely that Mr. Hadi will base his authority on the legitimacy of the presidential office, the constitution and the efficiency of government institutions, Mr. Iryani said, because the president's two-year mandate does not allow for the 15 to 16 years it took Mr. Saleh to build his patronage system.
Mr Abbas sees this as a chance for his security forces to return to Gaza three years after Hamas chased them out; his Hamas opponents see it as a horrid Western plot to establish a beachhead for American-backed forces in Gaza.Moreover, Hamas senses separate supply lines are an attempt to build alternative patronage networks and an economy outside its control.
Union and Upazila councils tend to be controlled by local elites since their resources allow them to build the patronage systems necessary to get elected.
But the rarified world of the IAAF and its federations is one built on patronage, nepotism, loyalty and pork barrel politics.
Relying on a narrow circle of trusted individuals and a network of international alliances, Kabila's power is built on patronage rather than a political base.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com