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The reactions were initiated by mixing 20 μL of buffered cell solution with 20 μL of radioactive substrate, giving final substrate concentrations between 3 and 150 mM.
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Reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined by incubating live cells in Hank's buffered saline solution with 40 µM monochlorobimane (mCB) for 1 h (Rice et al., 1986).
For experiments at different external pH values, the concentrated cell solution was buffered with 200 400 mM HEPES (4- 2-hydroxyethyl -1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) buffer at pH 6.5, 6.9, 7.4- 2-hydroxyethyl -1-piperazineethanesulfonic
Sections were treated with and without a heat-based steamer using various antigen different retrieval solutions (citrate buffer, EDTA buffer, cell conditioning solution).
The simplest examination method is to fix sperm cells in buffered formol-saline or buffered glutaraldehyde solution and view unstained cells with either phase-contrast or differential interference-contrast microscopy.
The cells were washed with Hank's buffered salt solution (HBSS, Life Technologies) and live cell imaging was performed using a fluorescent microscope.
Cells were collected and lysed in a lysis buffer (Cell Signaling) supplemented with 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and protease inhibitor cocktail solution (Sigma).
The photocatalytic inactivation experiments on E. coli were conducted by exposing the cells suspended in the buffer solution with various photocatalysts under visible-light illumination (λ > 400 nm) for varying time intervals.
The cells were then fixed with 2% formaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS), and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS.
Inserts were removed with tweezers, after which cells were rinsed thrice with Hank's buffered saline solution (HBSS, PAA Laboratories) to remove detached cells.
HUVECs were fixed in phosphate buffered formaldehyde solution (4 %), permeabilized with Triton X-100 (0.2 %), blocked with serum albumin solution (3 %) in phosphate buffered saline and incubated over night with antibodies against caveolin-1 (Abnova) and flotillin-1 (Cell Signaling).
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