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All cells were collected and lysed in 200 μL radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer with the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (100 mM) for 1 h on ice.
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Whole-cell lysates were prepared by washing the cells with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and subjecting them to lysis with Laemmli sample buffer supplemented with the protease inhibitor cocktail.
Six fly heads were homogenized in 8 µl sucrose buffer complemented with the protease inhibitors (see membrane preparation).
The proteins of DVSMCs were extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime), with the protease inhibitor phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (Beyotime).
For preparation of whole cell extracts, cell pellets were washed with PBS and sonicated in RIPA buffer with protease inhibitors (Roche protease inhibitor cocktail) prior to western analyses.
The final solution was diluted to 12,500 cells/ μL using the cell lysis buffer in combination with the protease inhibitor cocktail.
PBSTDS lysis buffer with the presence of protease cocktail inhibitor (Roche Diagnostics, Bazel, Switzerland) was used to extract total cell lysates.
Shed epithelial tissue was pelleted and lysed in RIPA buffer with the addition of protease inhibitors (Complete Mini, Roche) on ice for 30 min.
Frozen tissue samples were homogenized at 1 4 (w/v) in chilled antioxidant assay buffer with the addition of protease inhibitor as per manufacturer's instructions.
The samples were then centrifuged at 1500 RPM for 10 minutes, and the supernatants were collected and suspended in a 500 μl PBS buffer with the previously mentioned protease inhibitors.
The PNS was diluted with homogenization buffer containing the protease inhibitors indicated above (final volume 800 μl) and the sample was transferred into Beckmann centrifuge tubes (11 × 34) for ultracentrifugation (142,000 × g) at 4 °C for 1 h.
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