Four buffer variations were assessed for each boundary type: (1) a fitted boundary (no buffer), (2) an equal intensity buffered boundary, and (3),(4) two inner-outer boundary approaches.
The ability to buffer variations generated by molecular noise, or environmental fluctuations is termed robustness [ 20].
Therefore, the robustness of a biological outcome correlates with the capacity of cells not only to buffer variations of signal intensities [ 37], but also to offer a multiplicity of signalling molecules that can efficiently replace each other to ensure a given response [ 38, 39].
We find evidence that higher hydraulic diversity buffers variation in ecosystem flux during dry periods across temperate and boreal forests.
Our results suggest that many naturally occurring polymorphisms may buffer genetic variation, and that these polymorphisms are generally distinct from those buffering environmental variation.
Switch-like regulatory interactions predominate during early development, buffer expression variation, and may promote the accumulation of cryptic genetic variation affecting early stages.
In order to focus on differences in expression resulting from inter-specific variations and to buffer genotypic variations, we used two RNA bulks extracted from developing panicles at same visual stage (from early rachis elongation to early floret differentiation stages) of 10 genotypes for each species (Additional file 1: Table S1).
Our work shows that Hsp90, a regulator of the stress response and of signaling, helps buffer deleterious variation in fruit flies derived from wild population, and that its buffering role becomes even more important under heat stress.
Many genes buffer genetic variation through extensive epistatic interactions [49]; it is long established that the phenotypes of developmental mutations are more variable than the wild-type [42].
We note that while some factors (e.g. Hsp90) buffer genetic variation at many loci, factors that buffer only one or a few polymorphisms fit equally well into the definition of GR.
