Modulation of proteostasis has been shown to buffer the expression of certain mutations and coding polymorphisms into phenotypes.
After lysis of the erythrocytes with Tris NH4Cl buffer, the expression of selected markers on spleen cells was analysed by flow cytometry.
Following washing three times with binding buffer, the expression of smIg on cells was detected by APC signal and the binding was detected by PE signal on fluorescence activated cell sorting (BD FACSCanto II). Figure S1 S7 and Table S1.
In the expression-buffering motifs, where a miRNA and its target mutually buffer each other's expression from perturbation in a negative feedback loop [ 47], miRNAs may be induced to be inversely regulated to buffer the expression fluctuation of their targets when exposed to ECs [ 9, 10].
Secondly, most of the previous studies were based on the analysis of whole body juvenile fish (Tymchuk et al. 2009), which may have buffered the expression level of this cytochrome c oxidase subunit from the liver, given that the level expression of a given gene may vary substantially among tissues (Eya et al. 2012).
Chaperones are currently widely viewed as capacitors of protein evolution because their intrinsic activity as facilitators of protein folding seems to enable them to maintain the function of mutationally destabilized proteins and, therefore, provides a means to mask or buffer the phenotypic expression of mutations.
After 24 hr cells were washed with FACS buffer and the expression of MHC II, CD86 and CD83 were determined by flow cytometry using fluorochrome tagged specific antibodies according to manufacturer instructions.
We also found that, although an individual cell's activity is weak during the lag period just after the initial induction, the pool of extracellular protein (Bp out) accumulates quickly and becomes large enough to buffer the fluctuations of gene expressions of each cell.
In many situations, miRNAs and their targets are co-expressed at intermediate levels; miRNAs serve to buffer the fluctuation of the targets' expression through feed-forward loop architecture [ 8], such as the relationship between miR-9a and E spl) in Drosophila [ 9, 10] and miR-17 and E2F1 in human [ 11].
Indeed, the lack of alteration in miRNA expression may buffer age-related changes in the expression of protein-encoding genes.
Overall, these results show that miRNA transcription is unchanged during lung aging and suggests that stable expression of miRNAs might instead buffer age related changes in the expression of protein-encoding genes.
