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Since an ion can lower its energy by accepting an electron, it is necessary to use an atomic buffer gas with a high ionization potential.
For example, using a 4 K 4He buffer gas with a density of 1014 cm −3, we estimate the steady-state ion temperature for N i (Ba +) >30 to be ∼10 K.
The discharge between two electrodes was ignited in buffer gas with a pressure of 400 Torr and the current was held at 120 A. As the anode was consumed, the rods were kept at a constant distance from each other of about 1 mm by rotating the cathode.
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A catheter was placed in the cranial/superior mesenteric artery and perfused (7.5 mL/min) with modified Krebs-Ringer buffer gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (vol/vol) and warmed (37°C) by a Uniper UP-100 perfusion system (Hugo Sachs Harvard Apparatuss).
Left phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations were excised from male inbred mice (Balb/c) and installed in a 6 mL organ bath maintained at 37 °C containing Krebs-gelatin buffer gassed with 95%O2 5%5 % CO2 bubbled through the buffer.
We use argon and helium as buffer gases with a total pressure varied between 0.1 and 1 bar.
The heat release rates were also sensitive to buffer gas composition, with carbon dioxide exhibiting relatively high levels of early and late heat release relative to the other buffer gases.
Low-field drift tube instruments operate by allowing ions to traverse through the drift tube by means of DC potentials in the presence of a buffer gas, with drift motion governed by diffusion.
In fact, using a 170 mK 3He buffer gas with the same density, we still estimate the steady-state ion temperature to be ∼10 K.
We find that the trade-off between resolution and sensitivity can be managed by varying gap width, RF frequency, and (in certain cases) buffer gas, with equivalent outcome.
The perfusion medium was a modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 at atmospheric pressure and maintained at 37.5°C.
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