The superior electrochemical performance of the Xn-GP ternary composites are principally ascribed to the fine synergistic effects of Xn, GO and PANI, which offered a quasi-2D conductive matrix for effective electron transfer, suitable channels for ion diffusion, good π π interactions, and valid buffer for volume expansion of the PANI nanowhiskers during charge/discharge process.
Meanwhile, the 3D porous rGO gel can provide a continuous electric conductive network and also act as buffers for volume expansion during the repeated lithiation/delithiation process.
The novel stable bowl-like structure, the wrapped flexible rGO sheets served as buffers for the expansion of Ni3S2 bowls, the attachment sites provided by bowls keeping rGO from aggregation, and the improved electron transfer rate by rGO sheets, all synergetic effects made the composite a superior anode material.
Cut the last piece in the row so it will fit, leaving a small buffer between it and any walls (for expansion or contraction).
A possible way out of the situation for Lobengula was to lead another Matabele migration across the Zambezi, but Rhodes hoped to keep the king where he was for the moment as a buffer against Boer expansion.
"We didn't need the six acres for expansion, but it serves as buffer zone if there was a major release," he said.
These results indicate that carbon in the thin films resulted in electric conductivity and acted as a buffer for the detrimental tin oxide volume expansion.
The Spanish considered it essential to maintain the settlements as a buffer against Portuguese expansion.
The three-dimensional interconnected macroporous carbon framework can not only stabilize the architecture and buffer the volume expansion for Sb nanoparticles, but also provide high electrical conductivity for the whole electrode.
Therefore, when Sb reacts with Li at about 0.8 V, Si and ZnO would buffer the volume expansion for Sb; when discharged to about 0.5 V, Si and Sb would alleviate the volume effect of ZnO; Sb and ZnO would inhibit the volume change for Si when the voltage decrease to about 0.2 V.
The remainder provides a cushion for expansion.
