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Buffer exchange was carried out by Sepharose CL-4B size exclusion chromatography as outlined under Materials and Methods.
Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 20000 g for 10 min at 4°C, and a buffer exchange was carried out using Vivaspin centrifugal concentrators (molecular mass cut-off 50 000 Da) into gel-filtration buffer containing 0.02% DDM.
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No medium exchange was carried out.
This two-step buffer exchange procedure was carried out for each of the three glucose oxidase concentrations examined, ranging from 1.0 to 0.25 mg/mL.
After cleavage, a buffer exchange was performed to remove DTT prior to the second purification step.
Buffer exchange was repeated once.
The eluted protein was concentrated, and a buffer exchange was performed with 25 mM phosphate buffer containing 10 µM FAD.
Imaging was initiated as soon as the buffer exchange was complete.
The preparation of the conjugates themselves can be time-consuming since it requires a buffer transfer step to remove reducing agents (which are usually present in the storage buffer of a protein which contains free cysteines), following which the protein must be incubated with the conjugate for 1 or more hours, and then a 2nd buffer exchange must be carried out to remove unreacted conjugate.
Buffer exchange and concentration was carried out by using the Amicon Ultra-4 filter device (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), and aliquots were stored at –80 °C.
Desalting and exchange of HRV-A2 stock storage buffer for NH4OAc was carried out as described by using 10 kDa Mr cutoff spin filters (poly ether sulfone) membrane from VWR, Vienna, Austria).
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