Microbiologist Arturo Casadevall and M.D./Ph.D. student Anthony Bowen gathered data on what they call "inputs" and "outputs" since 1965 annual inflation adjusted U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) budgets, papers added to the PubMed database, and the number of paper authors.
"Higher education funding arrangements for 2017 will be in line with currently legislated arrangements," the budget paper says.
With the budget paper still fresh off his office printer, Mr Carter is upbeat: "We will achieve this by doing and buying things differently and being more entrepreneurial.
5.24am BST Katharine Murphy (@murpharoo) For those interested in the #qt savings debate, p203, Budget Paper No. 2 pic.twitter.com/vdK20YkPqX June 19 , 20145.20am BST Another Dorothy Dixer on boats.
Pressed further he said that "Treasury has modelled [the cuts] and set it out in... the medium-term outlook... all of those costs are taken into account in the medium-term outlook", picking up the budget papers, "it is set out here on page 311 of budget paper 1".
The budget paper on the science and innovation investment framework says: "In theory, the RAE is supposed to reward excellent user-focused research in the same way as it rewards excellent curiosity-driven research, but it is not at all clear that this has occurred in practice".
The finance minister has proposed cuts in his draft budget paper.
Sinn Féin has said it will have further discussions on the budget paper circulated by the finance minister.
The budget paper also states that consideration would have to be given to disconnecting street lights and halting repairs to rural roads.
"Service reductions would be expected to focus on the least profitable routes, including the complete withdrawal of services from a number of towns," the budget paper states.
Sinn Féin has said it will have further discussions on a Northern Ireland budget paper circulated by the finance minister proposing cuts of up to £872m.
