This paper reviews the existing theoretical and experimental bubble studies, with a special focus on the dynamics of triple line and the influence of nanoparticles on the bubble growth and departure process.
Although minimum surface tension is a primary indicator of lung surfactant activity, maximum surface tensions were also assessed in pulsating bubble studies.
Raising the content of Mini-B from 1.5% to 3% by weight relative to DEPN-8 did not lead to further increases in surface activity in captive bubble studies (Figs. 5, 6).
Complementary captive bubble studies showed that DEPN-8+1.5% or 3% Mini-B and CLSE all reached minimum surface tensions <1 mN/m when compressed under either quasi-static (Fig. 5) or dynamic (Fig. 6) conditions.
DEPN-8+1.5% Mini-B had overall dynamic surface tension lowering ability in pulsating bubble studies that was similar to CLSE at a low surfactant phospholipid concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, with both surfactants reaching minimum surface tensions of <1 mN/m after 10 min of cycling (Fig. 3A).
The rise velocity increased as a power law in bubble volume for the smallest bubbles studied, as expected in the Stokes flow regime, but became approximately constant for larger bubbles.
Our design advanced upon past thought-bubble studies by incorporating: (a) a non-intervention control group to test specificity of gains to the training intervention, (b) a broad ToM Scale to examine generalization of gains to other steps in ToM growth besides (trained) false belief, (c) a comprehensive assessment of children's verbal and nonverbal abilities, and (d) a delayed follow-up test.
Further, the injected bubbles studied in these experiments are several magnitudes larger than bubbles separated in tissues after decompression (Francis et al. 1990; Hyldegaard and Madsen 1989).
As previously done in earlier Bubbles studies [197,201,202], Vermaercke and Op de Beeck also compared rat behavioral template to the "optimal" template obtained by simulating an ideal observer.
The Burst Bubble The study that caused this uproar, the Women's Health Initiative, involved 16,000 women who were randomly assigned to take either Prempro, a popular combination of estrogens and progestin, or a placebo.
