We then constructed temporal polyethism schedules of the HSBs, LSBs, and wild-type bees, with particular attention paid to the analysis of behavior that could impact Vg quantity, including pollen consumption and brood feeding.
The earlier drop in Vg and initiation of foraging observed in HSBs could be facilitated by either increased brood feeding, thereby depleting circulating Vg, or earlier termination of pollen consumption by HSBs compared to LSBs Here, we describe the pre-foraging dynamics of the Page and Fondrk (1995) HSBs and LSBs.
Nurses have large HP glands, as this gland produces the brood food fed by nurses to larva [ 40, 41].
Both adults brood and feed the chicks, which fledge in an average 40.5 days.
Female spiders care for their brood and feed the spiderlings via regurgitation before they are finally consumed by their offspring (matriphagy) [ 39].
Over the course of their lives, workers performed activities inside and outside the nest that were grouped into eight behavioral categories: body grooming, brood care, feeding, nest defense, colony maintenance, communication, immobility, and other behaviors (Fig. 2 and Table 1).
Each brood was fed in the aviaries (2.5 × 3 × 2.5 m in size) by two foster parents until it was certain that the young could forage independently (at an age of about 40 days), after which the foster parents were released.
First, the faster decrease in Vg titers observed in HSBs could be due to a higher proportion of their pre-foraging time spent feeding brood food to larvae compared to the LSBs.
Both parents share the tasks of incubation and of brooding and feeding the nestlings.
