This difficulty of justifying the inference from rats to humans or, more broadly, of "transferring causal generalizations from one context to another when homogeneity cannot be presumed" (Steel 2008: 3) is known as the problem of extrapolation.
The combination of these events dramatically accelerated the development of the scientific field now called biotechnology, and it started the legal field that today is broadly called "technology transfer".
Specifically, horizontal transfer broadly refers to the exchange of genetic material between established lineages and has been detected for transposons, group I introns, and entire gene sequences [ 18, 19], yet details on the exact mechanism of HTT remain somewhat elusive.
Furthermore, genes involved in ectoderm and mesoderm germ layer specification were broadly upregulated after transfer of 2i cells to serum and the reverse transcriptional changes were observed when serum cells were passaged in 2i.
Social protection broadly, and cash transfers in particular, are increasingly receiving recognition as an important part of a comprehensive HIV/AIDS response.
The number of links between units showed a sublinear growth (Figure 2B), reflecting that the distribution of the frequency of patient transfer was broadly distributed (not shown).
However, the future challenge is to translate such a concept to a therapeutic that is more broadly applicable than adoptive transfer of autologous cell products.
Health improvements experienced in developed countries over the past centuries are mainly vested in social and environmental changes, whereas more recent health improvements in developing countries can be broadly related to knowledge transfer and socio-cultural determinants.
OmpJ is an outer-membrane channel protein known to influence the quantity and localization of cytochromes in G. sulfurreducens[ 28], so changes to its sequence could influence electron transfer very broadly.
We began our investigation of the impact of within-species LGT on the evolution of the E. coli TRN with a systematic study of genetic transfer more broadly among strains belonging to the E. coli - Shigella clade.
