We used Actara® (Syngenta Ltd, active ingredient: thiamethoxam) as an insecticide treatment, which provides systemic and contact protection against a broad range of insects.
P. luminescens is a symbiont for nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae and a pathogen for a broad range of insects [11].
Putative Cif homologs were also detected in two Photorhabdus species: P. luminescens, a symbiotic bacterium for the soil nematode Heterorhabditis and a pathogen for a broad range of insects [15] and P. asymbiotica, an emerging human pathogen [16].
The activation of a melanization response in S. exigua, P. rapae, and B. mori by Bi-VSP suggests that Bi-VSP may activate the PO cascade in a broad range of insects.
During the last decade, we have witnessed a rapid increase in the number of studies dissecting the structure and function of SFPs in a broad range of insects [ 6, 9, 19, 24– 44].
In the absence of larger, higher plants, lichens, small plants and mosses can stabilize the soil surface against erosion and provide shelter to a broad range of insects and other arthropods (Brantley and Shepherd 2004).
Heat-induced damage to proteins and corresponding cellular repair mechanisms are well characterized in a broad range of insects (Neven 2000; Zhao and Jones 2012) and enhancement of the cuticular barrier through up-regulation of exoskeletal proteins has been demonstrated under heat stress in aphids (Nguyen et al. 2009).
Cricket Paralysis virus (CrPV) is a member of the Dicistroviridae family of RNA viruses, which infect a broad range of insect hosts, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
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