However, aspirin has a much broader range of downstream effectors, such as NF-KB, insulin-like growth factor I and many others, as well as the inhibition of Wnt signalling and stem cell growth possibly as the result of enhanced beta-catenin phosphorylation (Dihlmann et al, 2001, 2003; Wang et al, 2006).
Finally, we briefly discuss the broad range of downstream products and models that utilized this rapid source characterization.
These transcription factors have been implicated in cooperatively activating or repressing a broad range of downstream target genes [11].
This broad range of downstream effects that can be mediated by the CRISPR machinery provides a variety of powerful tools to fine tune the control of bacterial populations.
For example, NfkB1 is known to affect expression of broad range of downstream genes involved in various biological processes including immunity, differentiation, and programmed cell death.
Future experiments will focus on identifying the direct molecular targets of Cdk5-p35 kinase that link it to each of the broad range of downstream processes that together make up neurodegeneration.
Compared with the functional proteins, the transcription factors always act at the upstream position of the signal transduction and gene regulatory network, controlling a broad range of downstream genes; which makes them efficient in tolerating abiotic stress.
As a result, a broad range of downstream intracellular signals are activated, leading to both short-term effects (e.g. changes in intracellular calcium levels) and long-term effects (e.g. gene transcription).
These interactions occur physiologically in the context of stable cell-cell contacts referred to as immunological synapse (IS) and trigger a broad range of downstream signaling events including sequential tyrosine phosphorylation cascades, rapid elevation of intracellular calcium flux and dynamic F-actin remodeling [ 2- 11].
To take full advantage of recent dramatic technological advances in molecular methods it is essential that these single cell profiling approaches are truly representative of the initial cell amplified, and are also compatible with a broad range of downstream analytical readouts.
This distribution of the levels of selective constraint has been attributed to upstream genes being involved in the biosynthesis of a broader range of biochemical compounds than downstream genes, and hence being more pleiotropic [ 28], and/or to upstream genes exerting a higher influence over the flux of metabolites along pathways [ 31].
