The expression of TVA and EGFP could be detected in multiple cell types (such as myocytes, fat cells, fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, etc). of the muscular tissues and connective tissues (Fig. S2 and data not shown), consistent with the broad host cell range of adenoviral vectors.
This is a particular challenge for wMel given the need to a adapt to a broader range of host cell types, host cell division rates, extracellular/intracellular environments, and ambient temperatures.
The facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is capable of replicating within a broad range of host cell types and host species.
This basic groove seems to be conserved among SRS proteins and potentially serves as a sulfated proteoglycan-binding site on target cell surfaces, thus rationalizing the promiscuous attachment properties of Toxoplasma to a broad range of host cell types.
The rapid and easy generation of replication-deficient recombinant particles and the broad range of host cell infection have made alphaviruses attractive vehicles for applications in neuroscience and gene therapy.
Recently, using a spectral counting method, expression of a broad range of host cell proteins involved in cytoskeleton rearrangement, cellular metabolism, intracellular signaling and inflammation were identified to be up-regulated during penetration of the BBB by C. neoformans [ 14].
Previous work has showed that tachyzoites differentially express a number of SRS genes [ 18], and these expression differences have been postulated to account for the ability of this stage to invade a broader range of host cells than other coccidians [ 10].
This leads to a very potent and broad caspase inhibition, which keeps the host cell machinery available and fit for viral amplification.
Furthermore, the extensive distribution of the primary cellular receptor for Ad, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), allows adenoviral vectors to infect a broad range of host cells which may be disadvantageous in tissues with various different cell types, like the CNS.
Those altered proteins were functionally diverse including antibacterial NO production, prostaglandin H2 synthesis, and regulation of intracellular traffic, thereby suggesting broad impact on host cells towards Salmonella infection.
