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The extra column band broadening can be more than 50% for columns with volumes larger than 10 ml.
Our simulations indicate that this performance penalty, as a result of nonlinear spectral broadening, can be compensated by using a filtering cavity configured for double-pass.
Maximum time delay and less pulse broadening can be obtained by optimizing the shape of the super-Gaussian shaped pulses; the maximum time delay and corresponding gain increase with a decrease of injected energy, and larger relative delay can be obtained by a smaller duration pulse.
Therefore, peak broadening can be observed in nitrate LDH than in pure citric acid.
Thus, Stark broadening can be used to compute the electron density.
This broadening can be explained by the disordered and intertwined graphene flakes and presence of amorphous carbon.
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A comparison of observed and beam broadening spectral widths shows that the portion of the observed Doppler spectral width which is caused by the beam broadening effect can be as large as more than 26%.
These combined Coulomb interaction effects give rise to an energy shift and a broadening which can be on the order of 10 meV for a typical third-generation synchrotron light source.
The Stark broadening, ∆λS, can be directly related to the electron density in plasma discharge.
The method used for removing the beam broadening effect can be found in Wilson et al. (2014, Section 3.2).
Prof Viner disagrees with Dr Macvarish's criticism and says broadening adolescence can be seen as "empowering young people by recognising their differences".
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