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In addition to diffraction, a pulsed beam exhibits a broadening effect along its direction of propagation.
SET pulse width broadening effect was also observed using the measurement system.
A small beam broadening effect has been removed from the observed spectral widths.
Since the tested monolithic column showed systematically better efficiency for early eluting compounds than the packed columns, an additional band broadening effect was suspected for the packed columns.
A comparison of observed and beam broadening spectral widths shows that the portion of the observed Doppler spectral width which is caused by the beam broadening effect can be as large as more than 26%.
Therefore, the beam broadening effect caused by the drift of the field-aligned irregularities in the echoing region can play a decisive role in broadening the Doppler spectral width of the Es FAI and cannot be neglected from the observed Doppler spectrum.
The proposed metasurface can not only steer an acoustic beam as expected from the generalized Snell's law of refraction, but also exhibits various interesting properties and potential applications such as insulation of two quasi-intersecting transmitted sound waves, ultrasonic Bessel beam generator, frequency broadening effect of anomalous refraction and focusing.
Although the backscatter from field-aligned irregularities (FAI) associated with sporadic E (Es) layer are generally believed to be extremely aspect-sensitive, the beam broadening effect induced by the along- and cross-radar-beam drifts of the irregularities on Doppler spectral width of the echoes may be significant and cannot be totally ignored.
The method used for removing the beam broadening effect can be found in Wilson et al. (2014, Section 3.2).
The standard probe tip (R ~ 10 20 nm) broadening effect leads to substantial overestimation of measured protein's volume.
The broad singlet at δ 8.12 (1H) is typical for an indoyl N H proton, the broadening of the signal arising from the quadrupole broadening effect of nitrogen [8].
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