These mode converted waves can be strongly damped in the vicinity of the mode-conversion surface via electron Landau damping or damped by ions at the Doppler broadened ion cyclotron resonances (e.g., Phillips et al., 1995; Intrator et al., 1986; Jaeger et al., 2003, 2006).
The advent of powerful personal computers and simulation programs, such as SIMION, have served to broaden the understanding of ion motion in vacuum throughout the scientific instrument community.
The results not only benefit for the practical application of rechargeable zinc ion battery, but also broaden the horizons of understanding the electrochemical behavior and mechanism of rechargeable zinc ion batteries.
In the present work we compute the real part of the impact collision operator for the electron broadening of ion lines in plasmas, taking into account relativistic effects in the dynamics of the perturbing electron.
It is particularly true for Al 3+ ions that are known to broaden and flatten the gain of EDFAs.
A series of poly styrene-sodium methacrylate) SMANa ionomers of varying ion contents was synthesized, and mixtures of the ionomers were made to artificially broaden the compoly styrene-sodiumneity of the SmethacrylateSMANaa constant ionomersent of 7.3 mol%.
The nitrogen ion sputtering causes the C 1s peak to broaden and introduces the C=N bond peak at 285.6 eV [15].
For example, the use of ion chamber with finite size for measuring dose profiles would broaden the penumbra width.
Ion is crucial to efforts by Saturn to at long last broaden its product line as well as stimulate sustained growth instead of the stop-and-go performance of the division since its debut in 1990.
Electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), storing charges by electrostatic attraction of electrolyte ions to the surface of charged electrodes, require an improved energy density to broaden their applications.
