One broader substance abuse review reported benefits of boosters for behavior maintenance [ 35], while another did not find conclusive evidence and stated that boosters may increase effects for some programs but not for others [ 36].
Clarke proposes that agent causation be thought of as a species of a broader genus, substance causation, with agent causation distinguished by its role in intentional action.
Notably, this paper included a broad definition of substance use disorder – including both abuse and dependence on alcohol and other substances.
He concludes by reducing these to two broad senses—(1) substance as hypokeimenon, the ultimate substratum, which is not predicated of anything further; and (2) substance as form that which makes each thing the kind of thing that it is.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are the largest known protein family and are mostly membrane-localized proteins that transport a broad range of substance across membranes.
In South Africa, a broad range of substances are abused, with alcohol being the mostly commonly abuse substance, followed by cannabis, methamphetamine and other amphetamine type stimulants, heroin, and cocaine [ 2].
The broad spectrum of substances with unrelated modes of action and potential means of resistance suggests that rather universally active mechanisms or coactivation of several pathways confer resistance under hypoxic condition.
The Columbia center called for legislation to require broader coverage of substance abuse treatment by health insurers.
Like DARE, Swallow This warns against abuse of a broad range of substances, including caffeine-laden energy drinks, cigarettes, alcohol and illegal narcotics.
