P. banksiana in the 450,000 ha Pine Barrens area in northwestern Wisconsin, USA showed a marked broad scale pattern in serotiny.
In Europe, a broad scale pattern in developmental mode and environment can be seen: the planktonic developmental mode is more common in populations from marine intertidal sand and mud flats of the North Sea, whereas populations with longer brooding (intermediate and benthic modes) are commonly found in the (estuarine) sub-tidal habitats of the Baltic Sea [ 42].
In comparison, few studies have examined broad scale patterns of local adaptation in relation to spatial scale (as a surrogate of environmental variation and genetic divergence; Galloway and Fenster 2000; Joshi et al. 2001; Becker et al. 2006) or environmental heterogeneity (Montalvo and Ellstrand 2000; Raabová et al. 2007; Hereford and Winn 2008).
This phenomenon has been previously documented in human chimpanzee broad scale correlations, where inverted regions showed a lower correlation in recombination rate than noninverted regions (Auton et al. 2012), supporting the conclusion that inversions influence broad scale patterns of recombination across multiple species.
Identifying the broad scale patterns of schistosomiasis is crucial because ecological and climatic changes plus human migration may have led to changes in the prevalence and distribution of the disease in different parts of endemic countries [ 7].
Broad-scale patterns in the spatial arrangement of riverine landscapes are observed despite variations in the influence of independent catchment and channel variables.
However, wind patterns do appear to explain other broad-scale patterns in foraging, such as the lack of use of near-Antarctic waters east of about 150°E by South Australian short-tailed shearwaters.
Instead, we examine broad-scale patterns in the number and distribution of known species, and we conduct an analysis of the taxonomic structure of species lists, within and across sub-regions.
These results support application of indicator vectors for comparative analysis of large nucleotide data sets and raise prospect of gaining insight into broad-scale patterns in the genetic structure of biodiversity.
In addition to animals, cytochrome c oxidase is present in plants, protozoa, fungi, and some bacteria, which raises the prospect of insight into broad-scale patterns in the genetic structure of biodiversity.
Global-scale studies are required to identify broad-scale patterns in the distributions of species, to evaluate the processes that determine diversity and to determine how similar or different these patterns and processes are among different groups of freshwater species.
