Here, we review recent discoveries focused on how viruses exploit intracellular membrane trafficking pathways to promote various stages of their life cycle, with an emphasis on cellular factors that are usurped by a broad range of viruses.
The proposed methodology can be used to guide the rational design of membrane surfaces with controllable adhesion properties with respect to a broad range of viruses and other pathogens.
The penton as capsomere has been suggested or shown for a broad range of viruses with different genome types, including animal- and plant-infecting viruses of the order picornavirales22,23,24,25 with ssRNA genomes, and indeed geminiviruses, where negative stain EM has shown that disassembly of ACMV occurs to isolated pentons26.
Clearly, a better understanding of virus diversity and evolution will not be achieved until the genomes of a broad range of viruses are available.
Given that virus incorporation is a process conserved among virus subtypes and species, this signaling pathway may provide a target for potent, well-tolerated prophylactics and therapeutics against a broad range of viruses.
Like IFN-α or IFN-β, IFN-λs exhibit activity against a broad range of viruses such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) [1], [2], human immunodeficiency virus (HIV1) [6], Apeu virus [7], cytomegalovirus (CMV) [8], and herpes simplex virus (HSV) [9].
These findings suggest that orthopoxviruses may affect a broad range of virus-host interactions through their effects upon NF-kappaB activation.
On the one hand, RT-PCR in general is a very robust and sensitive technique which enables us to sequence whole genomes from samples with a broad range of virus content.
PCR is attractive due to its high sensitivity and broad range of virus detection.
There appeared to be a broader range of viruses causing SARI in Kibera when compared with our rural site in Lwak [ 20] and with a recent study conducted in rural Kilifi, Kenya, which also only found significantly greater detection of RSV when comparing pneumonia cases with controls [ 55].
Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs targeting host processes could potentially treat a wide range of viruses while reducing the likelihood of emergent resistance.
