An apparent activation volume equivalence of the work hardening is observed over the broad range of activation volumes, suggesting correspondence between thermally activated glide of dislocations over the obstacles and defect storage capacity of alloys.
A broad range of stimuli activate NF-κB, notably TLR ligands, including lipopolysaccharide, mycobacterial and yeast products, proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF and IL-6, as well as other potentially harmful stimuli such as double-stranded RNA, heparan sulphate and hyaluronan derived from damaged tissues, viral proteins, free radicals, UV and γ-irradiation [ 33- 35].
A broad range of stimuli can activate the NF-κB dimer by triggering a signaling pathway that leads to the phosphorylation of IKK.
NGF-induced loss of cleaved caspase-3 was observed with a broad range of cytotoxins that activate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
Upon RANK stimulation, a broad range of signaling cascades are activated, such as canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, protein tyrosine kinases, such as BtK/Tec, calcium signaling, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including p38 and Erk.
As a result, a broad range of downstream intracellular signals are activated, leading to both short-term effects (e.g. changes in intracellular calcium levels) and long-term effects (e.g. gene transcription).
The MAR system, present in many bacterial species, consists of an operon that confers efflux-mediated [ 18- 21] resistance to a broad range of antibiotics and can be activated by a host of chemical agents, including analgesics and food preservatives [ 2- 5, 7- 9, 22- 25].
A broad range of extracellular stimuli are capable of activating Egr-1, thus mediating growth, proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis, therefore, participating in the progression of a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis [ 16– 16].
Ano1 functions as a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel in a broad range of tissues, and it can be activated by cell swelling [ 22].
As GPR30 is expressed in a broad range of tissues, BPA could even activate other signals in all these tissues.
