On the other hand, we observed a significant increase in the number of cells within the cambium at later time points for the 2101 022 MFR cultivar, both in organized and disorganized regions (Additional file 6: Figure S4C), which is indicative of a broad activation of cell division within the cambium, as has been previously described for a good-rooting reference cultivar [ 43].
Furthermore, the observation that blocking APLs' inhibitory influence enhances learning [85,87] could reflect a broader activation of Kenyon cells by odor.
Loss of RPS19 induces broad activation of the p53 pathway and apoptosis in embryos, including of erythroid cells, which is consistent with observations from murine models.
Broad polyclonal activation of T cells is detected by increased or prolonged expression of CD40 ligand, and circulating B cells with a memory cell phenotype are increased in patients [ 47, 48].
DNA vaccination of mice resulted in broad immune responses, characterized by the activation of B cells, helper CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells [ 23].
This activation of a broad spectrum of cell types illustrates the potential benefits of targeting the vaults more selectively to the cell type of interest (in this case, to CD4+ T cells).
Crude LPS contains contaminants that lead to a broad activation (Kaneko et al. 2004) of immune response including targets of both TL/NF-κB and IMD/NF-κB signaling networks for both 529SU and S2 cells.
Once it is outside of the cell, ATP in nanomolar concentrations functions as an autocrine/paracrine signal, modulating a broad range of cell and organ functions through activation of purinergic receptors in the cell's plasma membrane.
Therefore, deletion of Foxp3+ Treg resulted in a systemic activation of inflammatory cells to produce a broad spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines.
They do not induce proliferation or activation of T cells [36], [37], act in a broad spectrum of cell lines and potently repress CXCR4 chemokine receptor expression and function [38].
