Thus, there is a lack of regional or neuronal subtype specificity in the binding and effects of patient antibodies, suggesting broad actions of anti-NMDAR antibodies on cell types across brain regions.
Although physiology-based approaches have been highly successful at defining the broad actions of these receptors, much of the detail in terms of how regulation is exerted has still to be defined.
The increase of Aβ in aged Sort1−/− mice could be explained by the broad actions of sortilin, acting not only as a receptor for proNGF but also for neurotensin [20] and progranulin [21], both of which are suggested to play a neuroprotective role [22,23].
Nitrous oxide has broad actions, including inhibition of NMDA glutamate receptors, stimulation of opioidergic and GABAergic transmission and possibly via imitation of nitric oxide (Emmanouil and Quock, 2007).
Furthermore, adverse side effects can be expected from systemic administration and/or broad-spectrum action of candidate agents.
These results support their broad physiological actions of 1 α,25(OH)2D3 in a variety of cell types.
However, owing both to the biological heterogeneity of HCC and the broad spectrum of action of sorafenib, in spite of substantial efforts, no reliable predictors of response to this drug could be found yet.
In view of the broad mode of action of tocilizumab, it can be explained why this drug, in contrast to TNF inhibitors, is acting optimally even in monotherapy.
Here, we aim to provide a conceptual framework to explain the broad mode of action of LXRs and how LXR signaling may be an important local and systemic target for the treatment of heart failure.
