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was instrumental in bringing about the selection of these birds for larger size.
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In such a scenario, sexual selection and disruptive natural selection mutually reinforce each other and relatively easily bring about the simultaneous evolution of ecological differentiation and prezygotic isolation.
These results provide significant insights into the selective sweeps brought about by artificial selection during the process of crop domestication.
The huge changes brought about by domestication selection provide us with a puzzle as to how the domestication phenotype appears to have been replicated in so many distinctly different species.
Furthermore, these studies do not infer evolvability by measuring the amount of evolutionary change brought about through positive selection, as we do here.
A recent resurgence of the stereochemical hypothesis was brought about by the application of the selection amplification (SELEX) methodology for isolation of oligonucleotides (aptamers) that specifically bind amino acids [ 103, 104].
This example is very instructive, as it cautions against interpreting every feature of an organism (domestic or wild) as an adaptation brought about directly through selection.
However, a few rat studies have linked shorter rearing episodes to hyperactivity brought about by genetic selection (Aspide et al. 1998), maternal separation (Colorado et al. 2006), or high doses of cocaine (Verheij and Cools 2011).
It still remains to be ascertained whether such a system of linkages is specific to domesticated species (and therefore has the potential to help explain why so relatively few species have been domesticated, despite multiple opportunities existing for additional species) or is in fact a more general effect brought about by directional selection.
This suggests a prominent role of natural selection in bringing about the observed differences [ 29].
Many think the incipient species need to be cut off from one another geographically as well as ecologically, in order to stop the changes brought about by local natural selection being swamped by genes flowing in from elsewhere.
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