Owing to such variations, the dependence of cometary brightness on phase angle is always obtained with considerable uncertainty.
By observing the exact variation of brightness with phase, astronomers can calculate atmospheric-particle sizes.
A length of the abdomen between the 1st and 4th segments was chosen for detection since it shows most prominent changes in brightness with phases of ventilation (Fig. 1C i).
The brightness follows the phase angular dependence described in Section 2, albedo at zero phase angle is small, about 3% for the red filter, and the brightness at the shorter wavelength is smaller than at the longer one, i.e., the color is red.
LOLA further contributed to the study of polar volatiles through its unique measurement of surface brightness at zero phase, which revealed anomalies in several polar craters that may indicate the presence of water ice.
Time-lapse imaging revealed enhanced phase brightness surrounding ephrin-B1-overexpressing cells, suggesting reduced intercellular adhesion.
Cells exhibiting a rough appearance with irregular-shaped cell bodies, blebs and vacuoles, followed by cell shrinkage, and loss of phase brightness, were considered to be damaged.
CGNs incubated under normoxic conditions were healthy and retained normal morphology, as indicated by large size, phase brightness and intact processes.
So, although optical brightness is fully phase-dependent, this is not always the case in the near infrared.
The hue and the brightness correspond to the phase and magnitude, respectively.
This model allows not only to qualitatively reproduce the observed changes in brightness and polarization with phase angle and wavelength but also can explain existence of two types of comet infrared spectra characterized by strong and weak 10μm silicate feature.
