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A recent analysis of high-resolution crystal structures of ligand-protein complexes revealed that 85% of the complexes had one or more water molecules bridging the interaction between ligand and protein.
Nevertheless, most of today's computer-aided drug design methods are hardly able to predict whether upon protein-ligand complex formation a water molecule is displaced or remains in the binding pocket bridging the interaction between the binding partners.
Rev coopts Crm1 to export viral RNAs by bridging the interaction between Crm1 and the Rev Response Element (RRE), a structured RNA located within an intron of unspliced and singly-spliced viral RNAs.
It has been suggested that the G9a ankyrin repeat domain, which can interact with both H3K9me2 and the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A, could facilitate de novo DNA methylation by bridging the interaction between DNMT3A and H3K9me2-marked chromatin.
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SEU has been demonstrated to interact with AP1 and SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) to bridge the interaction between AP1/SEP3 and LUG in Arabidopsis (Sridhar et al., 2006) resulting in transcription repression during flower development.
Interestingly, in contrast to HI-6sarinnonaged-mAChE, Asp74 adopts the side-chain conformation found in the apo mAChE and two low-occupancy water molecules (Wat626 and Wat628) seem to bridge the interaction between K027 and Asp74.
In addition to acting as an adaptor to bridge the interaction between PTP-PEST and c-Abl, PSTPIP binds to WASP via its SH3 domain.
These results mirror in vivo and in vitro experiments showing that Rev uses an intact NES to bridge the interaction between the RRE and Crm1 utilizing RanGTP (Fischer et al., 1995; Fornerod et al., 1997; Askjaer et al., 1998).
Importantly, the ability of Def1 to bridge the interaction between RNAPII and Ela1-Elc1 was dependent on the CUE domain: even though Def11 500/CUEm associated with RNAPII-containing beads as efficiently as its WT counterpart, it had little or no stimulating effect on Ela1-Elc1 binding.
As exogenously added SRP RNA could associate with SRP proteins as showed by the Western blotting with the anti-SRP14 antibody (Fig. 5A), it was possible that an adaptor protein(s) in HNE bridged the interaction between Exportin-5 and SRP RNA.
Sall4, a well-known Oct4 partner, and other members of the Spalt-like family of transcriptional cofactors have been shown to associate to NuRD (Lauberth and Rauchman, 2006), raising the possibility that they may bridge the interaction between Oct4 and NuRD.
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