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During the loading process the wires undergo a martensitic phase transformation, bridging the crack.
Moreover, it modifies the crack geometry by bridging the crack lips and reduces the stress range at crack tip.
Nickel-alumina bonding was moderate and about 60% of the fibres contributed to toughening by bridging the crack.
Increases in fracture toughness are shown to result from the onset of stable fibril formation bridging the crack plane and increased plastic deformation.
The macro-size carbon z-pins, together with the crossover continuous fibres, promote a strong extrinsic toughening mechanism (∼200% increase in the interlaminar fracture energy) behind the crack tip and over a larger length-scale via both the z-pins and crossover fibres bridging the crack faces.
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In addition, a toughening effect, produced by GNRs bridging the cracks was observed.
A major reason is that when the steel fibers are aligned the number of the fibers bridging the cracked shear section is increased and the fiber spacing is reduced.
The reinforcement mechanisms at the cross section level assured by fibres bridging the cracks in steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) can be significantly amplified at structural level when the SFRSCC is applied in structures with high support redundancy, such is the case of elevated slab systems.
The added reinforcing fibres aided in reducing the severity of the dehydration cracking by bridging the cracks as they developed.
However, when there is no bond at all, the matrix crack follows a flatter path and more inclusions bridge the crack.
During cyclic fatigue the glass phase has insufficient time to relax and glassy ligaments are able to bridge the crack wake thereby shielding the crack tip from the full force of the applied load.
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