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Single-strand products were obtained using Dynabeads® (Thermo Fisher Scientific) then PCR-amplified for 14 cycles with Phusion polymerase to incorporate the Illumina bridge amplification sequence.
The major steps include: (1) to hybridize library DNA to flow cell; (2) to extend hybridized templates and perform bridge amplification; (3) to block the flow cell; and (4) to hybridize sequencing primers.
Primers with annealed cDNA-adapter fragments were extended with DNA polymerase and unlabelled dNTPs in a solid-phase "bridge amplification".
After conversion of the cleaved fragments into cDNA, the cDNA underwent blunt end repair, addition of an 'A' base to the 3' blunt ends, and ligation of adapter molecules which will be used for PCR amplification, bridge amplification, and sequencing.
In the Illumina GA system the amplification step is achieved on the glass surface that covers the flow cell (bridge amplification) and the sequencing reactions are performed by using the "reversible terminator" chemistry [6].
Because same-ended strands are able to utilize only one of the two oligonucleotides that coat the flowcell surface during bridge amplification [34], however, formation of DNA clusters (colonies) is inefficient.
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The Illumina/Solexa technology is based on the sequencing-by-synthesis technology of molecules bound to a surface (cell flow) where clonal clusters are generated through bridge amplifications (see Metzker 2010 for a more detailed explanation of both methods).
DNA can then be amplified using emulsion PCR or bridging amplification, followed by sequencing, or in the case of single molecule templates, sequenced directly.
The amplified and tagged DNA samples were then pooled and attached to the flow cell by complementary surface-bound primers, isothermal bridging amplification formed DNA clusters for reversible terminator sequencing, yielding reads of 73 nucleotides.
The immobilization and subsequent bridge-amplification creates randomly scattered clusters, consisting of more than one thousand copies of the original sequence in very close proximity to each other.
The final PCR resulted in double-stranded products that contained the end sequences necessary for bridge-amplification, and samples at 10 nM concentration were submitted for 78-bp single-end sequencing on an Illumina GAIIx (Illumina, San Diego, CA).
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