In order to compare the accuracy of estimates of additive and dominance effects separately, both true and estimated breeding values of an individual were partitioned into components due to additive and dominance effects.
In order to evaluate the accuracy of estimated additive and dominance effects separately, both true and estimated breeding values of an individual were partitioned into components of additive and dominance effects.
In the following, the vector a will be split in two sub-vectors:, where a p includes breeding values of all parents (informative), while a np includes breeding values of non-parents (non-informative).
The experimental design used here gives an estimate of the breeding value of a gamete, while a half-sib design provides estimates based on the breeding value of an individual [ 39, 40].
The expected mean breeding value of a potential offspring was calculated as: mBV = MGBV s + MGBV d, where mBV is the expected breeding value of an offspring based on the parental average estimated breeding values, MGBVs is the estimated mean gamete breeding value of the sire, and MGBVd is the estimated mean gamete breeding value of the dam.
Thus, the selection target is the breeding value of a future queen from this mating, which equals half the breeding values of both mates plus the part of Mendelian sampling that is common to all progeny of these mates.
For any phenotype of interest, the deviation of the hemiclone family mean from the population mean phenotype gives a direct estimate of the breeding value of a gamete.
For a species like D. melanogaster, where there is no recombination in males, the breeding value of a gamete could differ from the breeding value of an individual male if there are strong epistatic interactions between allelic variants at loci on different chromosomes [ 38].
For instance, on one hand, the CD of the breeding value of a single animal (i.e. its reliability) is obtained by using a vector c' null except a 1 in the appropriate position corresponding to this breeding value.
