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The polygenic nature of partial resistance to powdery mildew makes it more complicated to handle in any breeding programs, compared to race-specific resistance.
We also observed a 38 to 76 % greater genetic gain for MOET breeding programs compared to AI/N breeding programs when GS was implemented in both breeding programs.
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Similarly, the percentage of individuals with inbreeding coefficients greater than 1% reached 25 to 50% in the actual breeding program, compared to only 3to5%5% in the retrospectively optimized mating scheme.
Using information available from markers in selection can increase the accuracy and efficiency of a breeding program when compared to traditional breeding schemes [ 12].
In general, breeding programs aim to maximize genetic diversity for animals in captivity.
Breeding programs intended to maintain endangered species in American zoos have been around for decades.
Hence, breeding programs targeted to address those problems are implemented.
GNS4 can be targeted in breeding programs to increase yields.
In reality, breeding programs have budgets to contend with.
This is similar to the values reported by Kinghorn [ 33] and Leitch et al. [ 3], who estimated similar gains in dairy cattle nucleus breeding programs that implemented MOET compared to traditional AI nucleus breeding programs but with larger increases in rates of inbreeding (1.7 to 4.2 % increase per year).
Modern molecular breeding strategies have been implemented to practice a more precise, quick and cost-effective breeding strategy compared to traditional conventional rice breeding improvement programs.
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