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The consistency in the behaviours and the correlations between the different types of behaviour may indicate strategic niche specialization [ 3, 39] with regards to different life history trajectories: queuing for the breeding position in the home territory or dispersing to breed independently.
These may be adaptive, in that they reflect strategic specialization of helpers into one of two different life history strategies, namely (a) to stay and help in the home territory in order to inherit the breeding position or (b) to disperse early in order to breed independently.
A subordinate may pay-to-stay because staying increases survival [17], [38], [39], and therefore increases the likelihood of reaching a dominant, breeding position [18].
Group membership confers access to group-held resources and increases a subordinate's likelihood of surviving long enough to obtain a breeding position in the future.
So instead of paying-to-stay for future benefits (e.g. increased survival, and either queuing for the breeding position or delaying dispersal until a nearby breeding vacancy becomes available), subordinates might be helpful for immediately acquired benefits, e.g. paying-to-reproduce.
In the only other long-term demographic study published on giant otters (also in the Manú Biosphere Reserve), Groenendijk and Hayek report multiple cases of a sister or daughter of a breeding female acquiring the breeding position with immigrant males, occasionally with the previous breeding female assisting as helper [40].
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Companies constantly inquire about the students navigating our university curricula, in preparation for enticing them into breeding positions.
Using a common garden experiment, we detected a high phenotypic variability on traits indicative of taxonomical position and breeding status, namely spike shape and plant height.
If endowed with wealth, breeding and position, many Wasps probably did look down on the rest of America.
Assemblies of two chili pepper transcriptomes from sequences generated by Sanger sequencing (>125,000 ESTs) or the Illumina NGS platform (200 million reads) were carried out to identify SNPs and SSRs as molecular markers useful for breeding or single position polymorphisms (SPPs) for genotyping [ 15].
In the 1990s, the French government reversed its position on breeding for meat, and began promoting draft breeds for leisure pursuits.
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