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For instance, more than 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill, researchers have found that black oystercatchers that foraged in contaminated areas had smaller eggs and reduced breeding levels compared to other populations.
Past studies in European starlings (as well as other species) have demonstrated that experimentally elevating plasma T levels up to breeding levels induces reproductive behaviour, such as increased song rate and increased nestbox visitation [13], [25], [26].
Numerous previous studies have proved the efficacy of this method for increasing T levels from baseline up to breeding levels in European starlings, both in the wild and in captivity [13], [14], [25], [26].
We calculated breeding-failure equivalents in an analogous fashion to the calculation of lethal equivalents with maximum-likelihood [39] to overcome the problem of zero breeding success at one or more breeding levels.
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Analysis of the T levels showed that the T+ males maintained breeding season levels of T, and that the males without T replacement had negligible levels.
The African cultivated rice (O. glaberrima) has very high breeding level with the African wild rice (Oryza barthii).
Pyramiding of R genes that recognize different P. infestans effectors, whether they be multiple variants of ipiO or unrelated effectors such as avrRpi-blb2, will be important in battling this disease at the breeding level.
This may reflect the generally more advanced breeding level and higher yields of modern oilseed rape forms which also have high oil and low seed glucosinolate contents.
The TAC has not changed in recent years in response to steady (or slightly increasing) indices of both overall stock abundance and breeding stock levels.
Based on an intercept only model (i.e., without the fixed effects), 26.3 %, 39.6 %, and 34.1 % of the variance in survival was explained at the fledgling, clutch, and breeding pair levels, respectively.
Based on the variance components, we estimated that 47.5 %, 32.2 %, and 20.2 % of the variance in survival was explained at the fledgling, clutch, and breeding pair levels, respectively, after accounting for the fixed effects in the model.
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