Consequently, examining the costs and benefits of altering breeding density and breeding intensity (e.g., 1 vs. 2 clutches) needs to be considered for the long-term success of this program.
In commercial animal breeding, selection intensity is highest for males, thus there may be possibilities to further exploit heterosis by selecting certain sires that are better suited for mating to a particular dam-line than others.
In all these applications accuracies of breeding values, selection intensities and generation intervals across selection paths were assumed identical.
Thus it is a realistic estimation of the genetic relationships in an artificial population when individuals display different selection intensities, breeding objectives, and improvement status.
Homozygotes were distinguished from heterozygotes either by increased fluorescence in newborn (unpigmented) animal tails, by breeding, or by intensity of an EGFP hybridizing fragment on a Southern blot.
Data on the prevalence of welfare issues in domestic ducks are scarce [ 17, 18] but given that, in duck and chicken breeding, selection intensities and achieved growth rates and carcass weights are similar, it is likely that locomotion problems also exist to some extent in the domestic duck.
The immunosuppression by steroid hormones could result in higher parasites intensities in breeding individuals or in individuals with high expression of sexual ornamentation [ 20, 29].
The selection intensity from breeding from the best 50% of scored animals using EBVs would be over 3 times higher than that achieved over 1996 2006 where breeding from dogs with scores less than the current breed mean was the guideline.
It thus appears that different breeding goals and the intensity of breeding have not altered the length of the growth period in horses.
Then, if 10% of the population is used for breeding to have an intensity of selection equal to 1.76, the predicted response to selection will be equal to ~3.07 and the total BMS is predicted to reduce from ~6.47 to ~ 3.4, which is a very substantial reduction in a single generation of selection.
Thus, OCS can cope with restrictions imposed on female candidates in breeding schemes where the selection intensity for males is higher than for females.
