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In the second step, we extended the breeding goal to include harvest weight (HWms) and survival (Sms) to derive desired weights and genetic gains for these breeding goal traits.
A breeding goal that maximizes survival while restricting loss in TGC to 5% had the highest response in US$.
It has been a challenge to avoid double counting when economic values (EV) of traits are derived for breeding goal traits when using stochastic herd simulation models.
The breeding goal in Atlantic cod is weight at harvesting.
The breeding goal comprised performance and functional traits.
Therefore, prevention of mastitis is an extremely important breeding goal for dairy cattle.
In Sweden, the breeding goal of Swedish Red cows has traditionally put more emphasis on functional traits, such as disease resistance and longevity, than the breeding goal of Holstein cows.
There is a high selection pressure for litter size at birth during the first and second litters in domestic sows compared with other traits in the breeding goal (e.g., the 2009 breeding goal for Norwegian Landrace sows).
For both W1 1 and W1 3, the initial genetic variance of the breeding goal was equal to 1.
Secondly, in scenarios "d", emphasis was put on genetic variability while trait A remained the breeding goal.
For such systems, the breeding goal in purebreds should be to optimize the performance of crossbred descendents.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com