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This life-history strategy has probably evolved both in response to the challenges of living at sea (collecting widely scattered prey items), the frequency of breeding failures due to unfavourable marine conditions, and the relative lack of predation compared to that of land-living birds.
It has likely evolved many times as a mechanism for generating multiple waves of replacement that can rapidly replace feathers when the time available for molting is unpredictable due to breeding failures or variable food supplies [17],[17].
These data were smaller than in the first analysis due to breeding failures and missing information on either of the adults, and were restricted to collared flycatchers and great tits only because we do not have detailed ringing data on blue tits.
About 75% of the breeding failures occurred during incubation, and 71% were related to human activities and direct persecution.
Our results expose the unreliability of using indirect evidence to implicate prey availability as the primary cause of widespread breeding failures in colonial seabirds.
This resulted in a very variable breeding performance; two fatal and predictable breeding failures occurred in 2005 and 2008.
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The consequence was blindness, immune system collapse and breeding failure.
We do know that it is very strongly influenced by weather conditions, and we have found in the past that a combination of a warm spring followed by a return to freezing conditions in the incubation period is associated with breeding failure".
Its metabolite DDE is a reproductive toxicant in pelicans and many other birds, causing eggshell thinning and weakening, and consequent breeding failure through the eggs being accidentally crushed by brooding birds.
The main cause of breeding failure at the Souss-Massa National Park is the loss of eggs to predators, especially the common raven which nest monitoring has shown to have had a serious impact at one sub-colony.
The "divorce" of a pair is a rare occurrence, due to the diminished life-time reproductive success it causes, and usually only happens after several years of breeding failure.
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