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Thus breeding chorus size is one aspect of anuran biology in which component Allee effects may be measured, if the number of males attending choruses and the reproductive output is known.
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Chorus tenure is the number of nights that a male participates in the breeding chorus.
Thus overall toad density in a given habitat patch could be so low that no females are within an acoustically-detectable distance of a breeding chorus.
We hypothesized that if breeding behaviour is energetically limited, then males should lose body condition between their first and last night in the breeding chorus.
This suggests that the observed relationship between reproduction and chorus size could result from a failure of females to move toward breeding sites where few males are calling.
We calculated mean yearly chorus size (MCS) as the total number of males heard calling at a pond through the entire breeding season divided by the number of surveys during the season.
We examined whether there is a relationship between the mean number of calling male B. houstonensis attending choruses within a breeding season and evidence of reproductive activity at the pond level, and whether there is a minimum threshold of mean yearly chorus size required to observe reproduction.
Chorus size was either estimated acoustically (for chorus size ≤5) or obtained by walking the pond edges and counting the number of calling males present.
Third, sexual selection favoring larger choruses, operating on preferences of either sex (or both), could produce the observed threshold in reproductively-successful chorus size.
In order to further assess the trend in the relationship between chorus size and reproduction, we generated a frequency histogram of mean chorus sizes and observed reproduction (Fig. 1).
Few studies have investigated sexual selection for chorus size in anurans [14], [16], and conclusions are inconsistent.
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