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The searchers fill out a checklist, including categories describing the bottom of the pool (is it peat, leaf litter, muck, sand, gravel, cobbles, boulders or bedrock?) and the evidence left by each species, with special codes: A for adults present, B for breeding chorus, C for mating pairs, through H for metamorphosing juveniles.
Chorus tenure is the number of nights that a male participates in the breeding chorus.
Thus overall toad density in a given habitat patch could be so low that no females are within an acoustically-detectable distance of a breeding chorus.
Thus breeding chorus size is one aspect of anuran biology in which component Allee effects may be measured, if the number of males attending choruses and the reproductive output is known.
While direct measurement of toad density in upland or riparian habitats is difficult, an ongoing mark-recapture study using drift fence arrays and breeding chorus sampling should help in estimating that density in the near future.
We hypothesized that if breeding behaviour is energetically limited, then males should lose body condition between their first and last night in the breeding chorus.
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Early field research on breeding dynamics of B. houstonensis [23], [30] strongly suggest that it belongs in the former category, and that small breeding choruses observed over the past ten years represent a dramatic deviation from long-term norms for this species [23], [30], [31].
We conclude that limited shallow water areas in the stream used for reproduction by M. saxicola lead to strong competition between males, and dense breeding choruses create constant background noise levels.
Frog communication may take place in dense breeding choruses (Bee and Micheyl 2008) and/or noisy settings like streams that produce broadband ambient background noise (Boeckle et al. 2009).
Paradoxically, males of most anuran species spend less than 20% of the breeding season in the chorus [ 17, 18].
Anuran call surveys indicated that beaver create breeding habitat for the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata), wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and western toad (Bufo boreas).
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