Joint defence of the group against the predator was common, resulting in positive correlations between the per capita attack rates of large helpers, breeder females and breeder males, both against the medium predator and the large predator (Table 2).
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As in F. anselli, breeders of both sexes outlive their non-reproductive counterparts by far, with reproductive individuals living significantly longer than helpers.
A few years ago, the same pattern was revealed for the first time in a mammal, namely the highly social Ansell's mole-rat Fukomys anselli: breeders of both sexes lived on average roughly twice as long as non-breeders and reached remarkable maximum lifespans of >20 years [5].
Supporting this scenario, an earlier observational study of fish in Crater Lake Apoyo (Nicaragua) showed that non-breeding A. astorquii are subjected to more intense aggression than breeders, by both conspecific and congeneric (Amphilophus zaliosus) territory holders [ 22].
Adult raven pairs that manage to establish a territory become highly dominant breeders, and both territory holders and nonbreeders gather at feeding events (Heinrich, 1988; Webb, Marzluff, & Hepinstall-Cymerman, 2012).
In scenario II, we assumed that breeders of both sexes were used at the biologically earliest possible age, so that at the time of selection only performance data of the parent generation and genomic information of the selection candidates were available.
Flibe has been proposed as a self-cooled breeder in both magnetic and inertial fusion power plant designs over the last 25 years.
The ranch was first in calendar year 2008, and in the top ten from 2006 through 2010., the Varian breeding program is ranked by Arabian Horse World magazine as the all time number one breeder of both English-type and Western-type Arabian horses.
These two species have different social structures: E. cyanostictus is a monogamous, biparental breeder with both sexes defending the breeding territorial (Morley and Balshine 2002; Taylor et al. 2003).
