During the 3,000 4,000 years after domestication, cattle expansion had followed different and complex routes tightly related to the migration of early breeder populations and the spread of agriculture over Europe, Africa and Asia [3].
Indeed, the genetic basis of important traits could be directly detected in breeder populations and molecular markers used to increase favourable alleles.
Adult SL chickens with vitiligo and parental non-vitiliginous BL chickens, maintained by G. Erf at the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville, AR), were selected from the breeder populations.
An increase of genetic diversity to N mk = 4.7 is not possible within a few generations in a multi-breeder population like the Icelandic Sheepdog.
While selection by optimal contributions is not possible within a multi-breeder population, cluster analysis could help in increasing genetic diversity.
Although conservation of genetic diversity by means of optimal contribution selection is unlikely to happen within a multi-breeder population, preservation of potential diversity may be the second best option, when few animals are involved.
The information about where it grows, its commercial variants and their wild relatives is important for potential breeders, population geneticists, and conservation biologists concerned with the use, management and conservation of plant genetic resources [ 30].
Therefore, cluster analysis is suitable especially for exchanging information on genetic diversity in small closed pedigreed multi-breeder populations.
A territory as a prerequisite for breeding limits the maximum number of breeders in a given area, and thus lowers the proportion of breeders if population size increases.
The grape breeders develop populations.
