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This shows a clear consistency between Y-chromosomal variation and the breed relationships in the autosomal-based phylogeny, with only the British Y2 and Iberian Y1 cattle as major exceptions [as in 14], [15].
The phylogenetic reconstruction of breed relationships is shown in Figure 2 (bootstrap support > 50% indicated).
Principal component analysis was performed including all animals and all autosomal loci using allele frequencies to summarise breed relationships.
A Median-Joining (MJ) network of haplotypes was constructed with NETWORK version 4.5.10 [ 54] software to investigate breed relationships.
Autosomal microsatellites have been the most used genetic markers to estimate diversity parameters, to investigate breed relationships and to define conservation priorities [ 8].
To investigate breed relationships, neighbour-joining (N-J) dendrograms [ 36] were constructed from DA genetic distances [ 37] using POPULATIONS version 1.2.28 [ 38].
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One reason that summer vacation may breed relationship dissatisfaction?
In the present study, we first analysed the genetic diversity of 39 horse populations reared in France: within-breed diversity, breed relationship and population structure were investigated, using microsatellite data.
Figure 2 shows a moderate level of genomic relationships between breeds compared to the within-breed relationships, as expected.
Across-breed relationships were indeed 0 in A, so in that case Var(Ĝ − A) approximately reduced to Var.
Another possibility is that the between-breed relationships are over-estimated due to inadequate marker density, resulting in inflation of the accuracy.
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