These three tests are sufficient for the unambiguous identification of HNC, and the separation of HNC and LC states in a future screening breath test that might serve the same high-risk group (for HNC and LC) of tobacco users.
Participants positive for the C-urea breath test underwent endoscopic screening and 1-week clarithromycin-based triple therapy.
27 The Aklavik H pylori Project used two methods to estimate prevalence of active H pylori infection; prevalence estimates were 58% in the breath-test screened sample and 67% in the sample that underwent endoscopy.
Patients underwent H2 glucose breath test (HGBT) to screen for SIBO and provided information on their medical history using a standardized questionnaire.
Castiglione et al. used the H2-lactulose breath test (HLBT) to screen for the presence of bacterial overgrowth in a group of 57 patients with either intact or surgically resected ileocecal valves [ 8].
14 In brief, participants positive for the C-urea breath test (UBT) underwent endoscopic screening, histological assessment, 1-week clarithromycin-based triple therapy (esomeprazole 40 mg once daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) and a confirmatory C-UBT.
These included people with positive results on urine drug screen, positive alcohol breath test, positive hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies, anti-HIV 1 antibodies, anti-HIV 2 antibodies, people with significant skin conditions, documented allergy to medical adhesives and those with eating disorders.
To verify recent abstinence, participants underwent an alcohol breath test and a saliva drug screen to determine presence of cannabinoids, meth/amphetamines, opiates, benzodiazepines and cocaine.
In 2007, a study concluded that a two-minute breath test can predict pulmonary cancer with accuracy comparable to screening chest computed tomography [ 28].
The study design simulated a possible future breath test, based on a single breath sample, for the screening and differential diagnosis of gastric conditions that could be used to recommend upper digestive endoscopy, if indicated, or determine therapeutic intervention for less severe gastric conditions (see Figure 1, top panel).
