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Both breathing-zone air and breath samples were analyzed by thermal desorption followed by GC-MS with photo ionization detection.
Hydrogen levels of end-expiratory breath samples were analyzed immediately after collections on a stationary GMI H2-Analyzer (Stimotron, Wettenberg, Germany), and recorded by a trained technician.
Alveolar exhaled breath samples were analyzed at fasting state and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after this meal parallel to plasma glucose, insulin, and serum lipids.
Breath samples were analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (DeltaV, ThermoFisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, UK) and results were expressed relative to V-PDB, an international standard for known 13C composition.
Both air and breath samples were analyzed by GC with photoionization detection.
Breath samples were analyzed for CO2 using a BreathMat (Thermo Finnegan, Bremen, Germany).
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During the test, respiratory gas samples were analyzed breath-to-breath using a portable metabolic system (K4b, Cosmed, Italy) and each consecutive 20-second reading was averaged in order to smooth data.
Exhaled breath and inhaled room air samples were analyzed using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and solid phase microextraction with subsequent gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS).
Samples were analyzed in triplicate.
The samples were analyzed by western blotting.
Samples were analyzed over five independent experiments.
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