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Anecdotally breast milk expression has been linked to mastitis, and expressing breast milk has become more prevalent, even for healthy term infants [ 19, 20], however this has not been fully investigated.
Although more recent literature has discussed the prevalence of breast milk expression and suggested that more women are expressing their milk [ 1, 5], measurement of this phenomenon is limited and the consequences relatively unknown.
Detail information of breast milk expression, such as the reasons for breast pump usage, expressing pattern, the positive and negative experience on expressing breast milk were documented.
High education level, short maternity leave (≤6 months), bottle-feeding and breast milk expression in hospital were shown to be associated with exclusive expressing at 6 weeks postpartum.
A total of 22 papers identified were relevant to breast milk expression, but only seven papers reported the prevalence and/or outcomes of expressing amongst mothers of well term infants.
A total of twenty two papers were relevant to breast milk expression, but only seven papers reported the prevalence and/or outcomes of expressing amongst mothers of well term infants; all of the identified papers were published between 1999 and 2012.
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We did not measure urinary iodine content of the subjects; this, together with breast milk iodine expression, would have allowed us an estimate of the overall iodine intake of the individual.
The activity of such enzymes may add an additional level of complexity to the observed link between BSSL genotypes and DC-SIGN binding capacity of breast milk and enzyme expression levels may vary over time during lactation as can the post-translational glycosylation profiling which may also influence strength of binding [30].
Information on the use of breast pumps and milk expression is also obtained [ 26].
Kosaka et al. profiled miRNA expression in human breast milk and detected high expression levels of immune-related miRNAs (miR-181a, miR-17, miR-155, miR-150, miR-223) in the first six months of lactation.
Breast milk, unlike formula, is free.
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