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It can be seen that whereas extremely low levels of expression are detected in RNA samples from normal breast and from a benign breast tumour, most malignant tumour samples showed moderate to high (up to 30-fold higher than normal breast) expression levels.
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In normal breast, the expression levels of stem cell markers are downregulated during the differentiation process to epithelial cells, while their expression appears to be "reawakened" in tumour cells (Simoes et al, 2011).
Sialylated Lewis structures such as sLex and sLea are highly expressed on melanomas and various types of carcinomas including colon, gastric, pancreatic, squamous cell, and breast and expression levels correlate with an advanced stage of disease and poor patient prognosis [ 2- 7, 10, 59- 62].
To evaluate the clinical significance of IGFBP5 in breast cancer, mRNA expression levels have been analyzed in normal breast tissues, primary tumors, and lymph node metastases using RT-PCR.
Although significant amounts of gene expression profile analyses have been performed in breast cancers, assessing expression levels as the primary parameter to characterize breast cancers may be confounded by the phenotypic heterogeneity that arises as a consequence of abnormal signaling nodes and extensive biological cross-talk and redundancy.
In summary, SERBP1 is not differentially expressed between normal and malignant human breast tissue and expression levels between the respective groups were statistically not significant (P = 0.56).
HOTAIR expression was highly increased in primary and metastatic breast tumors, and expression levels of HOTAIR were directly correlated with poor outcomes for patients with breast cancer [135].
In breast cancer, the expression levels of several miRNAs are significantly different between normal and cancerous tissues, between breast cancers of different molecular subtypes [ 9- 11] with a different prognosis [ 12- 14], and between breast cancers showing different responses to endocrine therapy [ 15, 16].
In normal breast tissues, the expression levels of sLex moieties and sLex moiety-decorated glycoproteins are very low.
In breast cancer different expression levels of several MMPs have been found.
In normal breast tissues, the expression levels of both Pokemon and survivin were low (data not shown).
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