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Compared with Case 1 (evenly distributed perforation), the redistribution of perforating density changes both the breakthrough location and breakthrough time simultaneously.
Meanwhile, the bottom water breakthrough location and time of the whole wellbore can be calculated by the developed model, as shown in Table 3.
After that, a bottom water cresting model was developed based on the piston-like displacement principle, which could be used to calculate the bottom water breakthrough location, breakthrough time and the shape of water cresting at different times.
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However, studies on identification of breakthrough locations are infrequent.
At present, the main method of identifying the breakthrough locations is well logging, which is not only very expensive, but also difficult to operate (Li et al. 2005).
Therefore, an economic and effective method of identifying the breakthrough locations is very helpful to the popularity of horizontal well technology.
As the duration of the development, once the bottom water intrudes, it is difficult to identify the breakthrough locations, which makes water plugging be one of the main obstacles of horizontal well technology.
While other companies marketing online therapy have scaled quickly and sold subscriptions to anyone, regardless of location, Breakthrough has taken a more conservative approach by growing state-by-state in order to ensure availability of licensed providers before marketing services in specific states.
But the biggest breakthrough is marrying location data to the treasure trove of digital data that is already being mined today.
As a result, indirect measurements (e.g., contaminant breakthrough at a fixed location) are often used to infer processes occurring at different scales, locations, or times.
However, the majority of publications are consistent with our data: classical electrophysiological mapping, contact mapping, and non-contact mapping have shown that the location of breakthrough is mid- or basal septum in the majority of patients.
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