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Several forms of DNA damage, such as strand breaks, base modifications, and cross-links (particularly protein DNA) have been reported to accumulate with age in a variety of tissues [ 3, 11, 19, 36, 37].
On the other hand, ROS-induced genotoxic damage can induce structural changes in DNA, such as chromosomal rearrangement, strand breaks, base deletions, pryrimidine dimers, cross-links and base modifications, mutations, and other genotoxic effects [ 5, 6].
It was observed that intracellular ROS can cause DNA damages, in the form of single- and double-stranded DNA breaks, base modifications, and DNA cross-links, all of which are involved in initiating and promoting carcinogenesis [ 50].
There is evidence that H2O2 not only induces damage to DNA, causing single- and double-strand breaks, base loss, base substitution, and cross-linking, but also causes chromosome and chromatid aberrations (Mondello et al. 2002).
The β-particles have a low LET of about 0.2 keV/μm, causing limited ionization and DNA damage involving single- or double-strand DNA breaks, base chemical modifications and protein crosslinks [4].
Each of FN and UV-B radiations can induce ROS in PMCs by special interference with DNA leading to induction of structural changes in DNA, such as chromosomal rearrangement, strand breaks, base deletions, pryrimidine dimers, cross-links and base modifications, mutations, and other genotoxic effects [ 5, 6].
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