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Amongst the various types of DNA lesions that can occur, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generally considered the most toxic, and can be caused either directly by ionizing radiation (IR) or reactive chemicals, or indirectly via the processing of other types of DNA lesions or breakdown of DNA replication forks.
In literature, it is proposed that the antimicrobial action of Ag-NPs occurs through the alteration of cell membrane permeability, morphology, separation of the cytoplasmic membrane from the cell wall, plasmolysis, breakdown of DNA, and inhibition of respiratory activity (Jung et al. 2008; Li et al. 2011; Fayaz et al. 2010; Birla et al. 2009).
These data suggested that DNase2a was dispensable for the breakdown of DNA during cornification of keratinocytes in vivo.
The breakdown of DNA strands activates the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to produce PAR [54].
Furfural and/or HMF have been shown to reduce enzymatic and biological activity and breakdown of DNA [ 12, 13].
Alanine is a nonessential amino acid made in the body from the conversion of the carbohydrate pyruvate or the breakdown of DNA and the dipeptides carnosine and anserine.
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Some cells that survive the initial injury may die days, weeks, or months later, when mechanisms inside the nucleus of the cell trigger a breakdown of its DNA.
The use of paper containers minimizes the growth of molds; nonetheless samples should always be kept in a cool place and away from sunlight, in order to minimize the breakdown of the DNA present in the sample.
Meanwhile, lipid peroxidation activates endonuclease enzymes, with subsequent breakdown of nuclear DNA and nuclear degeneration (Zhang et al., 2016).
However, as is the case with most polymeric biomolecules, the breakdown of RNA, DNA, and ATP into simpler monomers is driven by both energy-release and entropy-increase considerations, in both standard concentrations, and also those concentrations encountered within the cell.
Caspase-9 and caspase-3 are activated sequentially, and these events lead to the breakdown of chromosomal DNA.
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