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Antigen-specific CTL responses are thought to play a central role in containment of HIV-1 infection, but no consistent correlation has been found between the magnitude and/or breadth of response and viral load changes during disease progression.
Table 3 and Figure 3 demonstrate that EP significantly improves the cellular immune response rate, magnitude, duration, and breadth of response to multiple antigens, consistent with previous results demonstrating the improved effect of EP in animal models and in humans with cancer [33] [35].
To examine the breadth of response against both parasite lines as well as the strength of growth inhibition among samples from Ngerenya 1998 cohort we defined individuals as 'strong inhibitors' (n = 45), 'intermediate inhibitors' (n = 40) and 'weak inhibitors' (n = 51) based on their activity against both parasite lines.
Western blot analysis of sera from infected (PCR+ve in blood) and uninfected (PCR−ve in blood) badgers showed a broadly specific IgG response against T. pestanai lysates without exception, with male and female animals showing similar breadth of response (Fig. 4A).
While the total magnitude of the response was not significantly associated with the viral load level (p = 0.088, R = −0.306, Spearman Rank correlation, Figure 4B), we found a significant inverse correlation between the breadth of response and viral load (p = 0.013, R = −0.436, Spearman Rank, Figure 4A).
Figure 3 shows the breadth of response to the array as determined by the number of features recognized.
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Too often popular history has failed to explain the breadth of responses to enslavement.
The breadth of responses varied across subjects (Fig. 5; Table S3).
The figure shows that over the course of infection, there is a general narrowing of the absolute breadth of responses (Figure 1a).
Furthermore, use of clade B peptides in a clade A or D infected population may have additionally underestimated the eventual breadth of responses.
Representative examples of these responses are shown in Figure 2A and B. In line with the ELISpot data, we found a higher breadth of responses in LTNPs by ICS analysis with LTTS and LTNPs subjects targeting a median of 2 (range 1 5) and 5 (range 1 9) epitopes, respectively (P = 0.001).
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